The following are extracts from a blog post found here.
Every word has three forms – its
sounds (phonemes), its orthography (spelling), and its meaning. Orthographic
mapping is the process that all successful readers use to become fluent
readers. Through orthographic mapping, students use the oral language
processing part of their brain to map (connect) the sounds of words they
already know (the phonemes) to the letters in a word (the spellings). They then
permanently store the connected sounds and letters of words (along with their
meaning) as instantly recognizable words, described as “sight vocabulary” or
“sight words”. (Internet)
With orthographic mapping of a
word, the letters we see with our eyes and the sounds we hear in that word get
processed together as a sight word and are stored together in the brain. This
is not the same as memorizing just the way a word looks. It is also important
to remember that orthographic mapping is a mental process used to store and
remember words. It is not a skill, teaching technique, or activity you can do
with students (Kilpatrick, 2019). What can be taught are phonemic awareness and
phonics skills which enable orthographic mapping.